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小寒：踏雪寻梅，年味渐浓******

　　小寒是冬季倒数第二个节气，它的到来意味着一年将近尾声。小寒一般于1月5-7日间交节，《月令七十二候集解》释其名曰：“小寒，十二月节。月初寒尚小，故云。月半则大矣。”在古人看来，寒冷是一个不断积聚的过程，冷气积久而寒，却未达极点，是谓“小寒”。冬至之后，冷空气频繁南下，各地气温持续降低，小寒临近“三九”，民谚有“冷在三九”“小寒一过，出门冰上走”“小寒胜大寒”等说法，可见此时的寒冷程度。

　　小寒时节，北方大部分地区正值田间歇冬，南方地区也多是从事果树修剪、小麦油菜追施冬肥、蔬菜越冬保暖等工作，农事并不忙碌。然而农人早已关心起来年的收成。人们常常根据小寒的气温、雨水变化预测来年的天气、农事。比如“小寒暖，立春雪”“小寒不寒，清明泥潭”，当年小寒温暖，预示来年立春前后有雪，清明雨水增多；“小寒雨蒙蒙，雨水惊蛰冻死秧”，若小寒阴雨，寒冷将持续到来年雨水、惊蛰；此外还有“小寒无雨，小暑必旱”“小寒不寒大寒寒”等。

　　寒冬腊月，人们注重饮食、保养身体，各地形成了各具特色的小寒食俗。比如南京人小寒要吃菜饭，取南京特色“矮脚黄”青菜、咸肉片、香肠片、板鸭丁，再剁生姜粒与糯米同煮，味道十分鲜美。广州人喜欢在小寒早上吃糯米饭。糯米饭不光是糯米，得配上炒香的广州腊味（腊肠、腊肉）、花生、碎白葱等，吃来有滋有味。江浙一带有小寒吃花生的习俗，花生可以健体，当地俗谚说“小寒喜庆长生果”“小寒花生食来年”。以传统中医观点来看，在经历春、夏、秋三季的消耗后，人体气血偏衰。“三九”最是寒冷，阴邪之气颇盛，此时合理进补可以抵御寒气侵袭，使得来年身体强健。小寒食补多讲究“温润”，即用一些温热食物补益身体，比如羊肉、鸡肉等肉类，核桃仁、大枣、龙眼肉等蔬果。正所谓“三九补一冬，来年无病痛”。

　　严寒之中，仍有花信如约而至。宋代女词人朱淑真有“葵影便移长至日，梅花先趁小寒开”的佳句。梅花带着独有的暗香，为寥落寒冷的天地增添了几分色彩。梅花自小寒时初绽，探梅寻芳者也日渐增多。梅与松、竹并称为“岁寒三友”，素以傲雪凌霜的高洁之姿得世人称颂。

　　陆游《游前山》有“屐声惊雉起，风信报梅开”之句。“风信”即“信风”，是应着花期时令吹来的风。一番风来，吹开了应季的花，古人从中挑选花期最准确的一种花作为这一节候的代表，称为“花信风”。明代谢肇淛《五杂俎》云：“二十四番花信风者，自小寒至谷雨，凡四月，八气二十四候，每候五日，以一花之风信应之。”古人以五日为一候，三候为一个节气，每年从小寒至来年谷雨，共有八个节气二十四候，每候都有一种花儿绽蕾开放，于是便有了“二十四番花信风”之说。明人王逵《蠡海集》整理了完整的花信风名目，以梅花为首，待到楝花开尽，花信风止，绿肥红瘦的夏季便来临了。

　　小寒三候一候梅花，二候山茶，三候水仙。梅花高洁，山茶富贵，水仙清雅。水仙多为家中水养，一球抽三五枝花茎，开四五朵白花，风姿绰约，雅号“凌波仙子”。文震亨《长物志》说水神冯夷服此花八石，由此得名“水仙”。不论是踏雪寻梅，还是在家中观赏水仙，都为小寒增添不少雅韵。

　　尽管此时寒近极致，但春的气息也渐渐弥漫开来。进入腊月之后，年味渐浓，人们开始忙着写春联、剪窗花、贴年画、采购年货等，陆续为春节作准备，日子便这般红火热闹起来。（杭州师范大学副教授袁瑾）

中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

　　资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

　　（文图：赵筱尘 巫邓炎）